River transport is a mode of transport carrying passengers and cargo in the main inland waterway, as a natural (rivers, lakes) and artificial (canals, reservoirs, rivers canalized section). We can distinguish the main river routes, including international, serving the foreign trade transportation of several states (eg, Danube, Oder, Rhine, Cupid, Paraguay, Niger), inter-serving traffic between major regions within countries (for example, Volga, Yangtze, Mississippi) and local, serving the intra-communication.
Despite the seasonality of its work in several countries has several advantages compared with other modes of transport. Initial costs for the organization of shipping on major rivers are smaller in 8-10 times than the corresponding costs for the establishment of railways. Cost of traffic on the main rivers is below on 35% than the railway transport and in 3-5 times – than car transportation.
Court of river transport according to intended purpose is divided into transport, technical and support. The structure of transport ones consists of passenger vehicles, dry cargo, tankers, tugs and pushers (see tugboat). Passenger fleet consists of the courts of local and transit destination. Dry cargo ships with cargo holds have a large opening deck, which facilitates loading and unloading. Dry cargo ships on which cargo is transported directly to the deck (barge-platform), designed for the transportation of any goods, not afraid of wetting, mainly mineral-building materials.
Oil tankers – tankers carrying liquid cargo (oil, petroleum products) in bulk in the holds and also in tanks located on the deck. Since 1968 combined courts (oilier) are used, which are loaded in one direction by oil, the opposite – loose cargo. Technical fleet includes dredgers, furnishing the court for all sorts of track work. Auxiliary vessels are landing stages, examination vessel, craft shops, repair shops, ferries, floating cranes, the installation for the extraction of sand and gravel, raid and service-support itinerant court. In river transport icebreakers take a special place; they support the operation of ships in ice conditions. River ships are propelled and dumb. By type of engine propelled vessels are divided into ships, ships and diesel-electric (see powered), by type of propulsion – for screw, wheel, water cannons and air-cushion. The dumb vessels are barges, lighters, barges, etc. In many countries, especially in South-East Asia, junks and other small vessels, sailing and rowing are used in the rivers.
People from ancient times used the river for movement. For thousand years BC in Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, Ancient China rowing and sailing vessels were used. With the development of medieval cities (12 – 14 cc.) situated on the rivers of Europe, and trade grew freight waterways by ships carrying capacity of 10-20 tons, construction of canalized waterways (16c.) greatly improved navigation. For further development of river transport and cheapening of river transport the use of ships steam engine (early 19) played a major role.
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