The ability of the internal combustion engine to adapt to the changes in external load compared to the reciprocating steam engine or electric motor is small. This led to the installation of a car a gear box, providing the required traction on the drive wheels in different modes of movement. With the gearbox the car can move at a slow pace, and with a maximum. It allows you to adjust the speed of a much greater range than the one that can provide the engine. We also note that it is the gearbox allows the vehicle to move backwards, and it is disconnected from the drive wheel motor in its start-up, at the parking lot or at coast down. Gear boxes of trucks are designed in such a way so that they guarantee the car the needed dynamic and economic properties, and work with high efficiency, characterized by reliability, ease of maintenance, have small size and weight, and low cost. By way of changing gear ratios the gearbox can be divided into step and stepless. Infinitely variable change of gear is usually achieved through the torque converter, although variators can be used in the lung machines, and the volumetric hydraulic drive is on special chassis.
You can found the exotic designs on the conceptual machinery, but they do not go in operation. In addition, the gearbox can be fixed or rotating (planetary) axis of shafts, as well as their combination. In recent years, manufacturers of trucks are increasingly focused on automating the process of shifting. It improves dramatically the working conditions of the driver on trucks, working in the city, and, accordingly, has a positive effect on traffic safety. On the main pipeline automation gear also increases the efficiency of transport, because it allows optimizing the interaction between engine and transmission. The more common variant is the semi-automatic box, usually without a torque converter. They relieve the driver of one of the most energy-intensive operations associated with the gear shift: either from the soaking clutch pedal, or from the actual switching, which reduces to the task of transfer with the joystick. The new structures have already been established such as Volvo I-Shift, working as a full automatic with torque converter. We note that the basic box is a mechanical in all three cases.
Speed gearbox, having a great efficiency (when transferring full power it is from 0, 96 to 0, 98), according to the construction are simpler than stepless, cheaper in manufacture and can be automated by management process. They are most widely in trucks. Required dynamic and economic quality of a machine are achieved by the correct choice of the range of gear ratios in the gearbox, the number of transfers and a careful selection of gear each. Range is the quotient of the gear ratios lower and higher transmission. It must be greater than the varied road conditions, in which a truck operates, and less specific power of its engine. For commercial vehicles, working mainly in the urban environment, the range of ratios of modern gear is 5, 0 – 8, 0; to haul tractors and trucks all terrain it is 10 – 20. The number of gears in the mechanical box trucks is ranging from 5 to 16.
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